Cast in Stone

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• a Oopa Tetuaapua, Pouvana'a
  Tahitian politician and founder of the French Polynesian independence movement.
• Allouard, Henri
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His most notable colonial works are two monuments to Noël Ballay in Chartres in France and Conakry in Guinea.
• Alquin, Nicolas
  French sculptor
• Arékian, Roger
  Guadeloupean artist.
• Arsal, Eugène-René
  French sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Audiard, Michel
  French sculptor.
• Audrat, Didier
  French sculptor.
• Bacquet, Paul
  French sculptor active in the nineteenth century.
• Ballay, Noël
  Governor of French Guinea (1891-1900), Governor of Senegal (1900-1902), and Governor General of French West Africa (1900-1902).
• Bareau, Georges
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Barrias, Louis-Ernest
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste
  French sculptor active in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Baudry, Léon-Georges
  French sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Belain d'Esnambuc, Pierre
  French colonial trader who led France's early attempts to colonise the Caribbean and introduce slavery into the region. Belain d'Esnambuc established the first permanent French colony, Saint-Pierre, in Martinique in 1635.
• Belloc, Jean-Baptiste
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the Monument to the Glory of French Colonial Expansion in Paris and a statue of Louis de Lamoricière, which was originally installed in Constantine, Algeria but was later repatriated to France and re-erected in Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu.
• Bernès-Cambos, François
  French colonial soldier who died during the Rif War in Morocco in 1925.
• Bert, Paul
  Trained as a physician and a physiologist, he divided his time between his research on respiration and his political career. In 1872, he was elected as deputy by Auxerre. He became Minister of Public Instruction in the government of Léon Gambetta of whom he was a fervent supporter and drafted the laws establishing free, compulsory and secular education with Jules Ferry. He also wrote several school textbooks. He travelled to Algeria in the 1850s and was a member of the Paris Anthropology Society, whose racist theories he endorsed. In the wake of Gambetta’s policy of colonial expansion, he became the first civilian Governor General of Indochina, where he died.
• Bertrand-Boutée, René
  French sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Biaggi, Auguste
  French sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Binger, Louis-Gustave
  French colonial administrator, explorer, and military officer. Binger was the first Governor of Côte d'Ivoire (1893-1895) and Director of the French Ministry of Colonies (1898-1908).
• Blandan, Pierre Hippolyte
  French colonial soldier who fought and died in Algeria in the nineteenth century.
• Bobillot, Jules
  French soldier who fought and died in the Sino-French war (1884-1885).
• Boissière, Jules
  French colonial writer, journalist, soldier and diplomat in Vietnam in the late nineteenth century.
• Bonaparte, Napoléon
  Born in Corsica into a noble family, Napoleon was trained from 1779 to 1785 at the military schools of Brienne-le-Château and Paris. On graduating, he joined an artillery regiment. He took part in the Revolutionary Wars, achieving the rank of general, and led the Italian and Egyptian campaigns from 1896 onwards. On the strength of the popularity he had acquired during his military campaigns, he organized a coup d'état on 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), taking command of the armies and initiating the drafting of a new constitution that allowed him to concentrate power. For political expediency and in response to demands from influential colonists in his entourage, Napoleon re-established slavery in the French colonies with the law of May 20, 1802. In 1804, he was crowned Emperor of the French.
• Boucher, Jean
  Trained at the Beaux-Arts in Rennes, then Paris, he made a name for himself with his monument to Ernest Renan in 1903. After serving as a volunteer from 1914 to 1918, he became a professor at the Beaux-Arts de Paris in 1919 and was elected to the Académie des Beaux Arts in 1936. He created the sculptures for the Verdun Victory and Soldiers' Monument. His "Poilu" statue for the town of Vitré (1921) established him as a major statuary of the 1920s.
• Bougainville, Louis Antoine
  French naval officer and writer. From 1766 to 1769, Bougainville made a circumnavigation of the globe, which he later recounted in Voyage au Tour du Monde (1771).
• Boutry, Edgar
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Boverie, Eugène-Jean
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Brétignère, Amédée
  French colonial explorer, geologist and planter in Côte d'Ivoire in the nineteenth century.
• Brosset, Diego
  French military officer who served in the two world wars, as well as in North Africa during the interwar period.
• Bruat, Armand Joseph
  French naval officer and colonial administrator. Bruat served as Governor of the Marquesas Islands, Governor of French Oceania, and Governor of the Antilles in the nineteenth century.
• Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, marquis de la Piconnerie
  French military officer and colonial administrator. Bugeaud was Governor-General of Algeria from 1840 to 1847, where he led the colonial conquest with extreme brutality and violence against the civilian population.
• Caravanniez, Alfred
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Cardot, Jean
  Sculptor, second Grand Prix de Rome in 1956, teacher at the Beaux-Arts in Lyon and Paris, elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1983. He created several statues of personalities for Paris : Churchill, de Gaulle and Jefferson. He was also a Beaux-Arts inspector for the city of Paris.
• Cartier, Jacques
  French maritime explorer in Canada in the sixteenth century
• Césaire, Aimé
  French-speaking poet, author and politician from Martinique, founder of the Négritude movement. Césaire was deputy for Martinique in the French National Assembly (1945-1993), president of the Martinique Regional Council (1983-1988) and mayor of Fort-de-France. He fought for departmentalization and autonomy through the Parti Progressiste Martiniquais, which he founded in 1958. He led an ambitious cultural policy in Fort-de-France, which included transforming the city's urban fabric. Césaire and his wife Suzanne Roussi (1915-1966) founded the anti-colonial and surrealist literary magazine Tropiques (1941 to 1945). Césaire's most famous works include Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (1939), Discours sur le colonialisme (1955) and Une Tempête (1969). His work has been a major source of inspiration for anti-colonial thinkers the world over, notably Frantz Fanon (1925-1961), a former student of Césaire, and Édouard Glissant (1928-2011).
• Charpentier, Hector
  Martinican painter and sculptor
• Chaumot, Georges
  French sculptor in the twentieth century
• Chautemps, Emile
  Minister of the Colonies (1895) and the Marine (1914).
• Chavalliaud, Léon-Joseph
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Chiquet, Maxime
  French sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Cibot, Élisabeth
  French sculptor active in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
• Clauzel, Bertrand
  French military general and colonial administrator. Clauzel was Governor-General of Algeria from 1830 to 1831 and 1835 to 1837.
• Coeur, Jacques
  Grand bourgeois parvenu, il devient le grand argentier du roi Charles VII en 1439, dans le contexte de crise de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans. Il réorganise la fiscalité et développe le commerce, notamment avec l’Italie et l’Egypte. Sa chute est aussi spectaculaire que son ascension, elle le contraint à l’exil. Il meurt sur l’île de Chio lors d’une expédition navale contre les Turcs.
• Cognac, Lobie
  French Guyanese artist
• Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
  Jean-Baptiste Colbert was Intendant of Finances, Secretary of the Maison du Roi, and State Secretary to the Navy under Louis XIV. He developed industry and trade, reorganising state finances, laws, and the navy. The navy was a crucial military tool for French colonialism. Under Louis XIV, France was one of the most powerful colonial empires, with a large presence in North America and the Caribbean. Colbert founded the French West India Company and French East India Company in 1664. Thanks to the slave trade, the fur trade, and other resources extracted from far away lands, France experienced unprecedented commercial growth. Louis XIV charged Colbert with writing set rules to organise slavery, which had been abolished in the kingdom in 1315, but was practised in its colonies, especially in the Caribbean. Colbert thus compiled rules sent by local governors and turned it into a piece of legislation coined the "Code Noir", which became a royal edict two years after he died.
• Combe, Michel
  French soldier who helped to create the Champ d'Asile, a short-lived French colony founded by 120 Bonapartist officers, in Texas in 1818. Combe later fought in Algeria.
• Courbet, Amédée
  French naval officer and colonial administrator in the nineteenth century. Courbet was Governor of Nouvelle-Calédonie from 1880 to 1882, before going on to fight in French Indochina.
• Crauk, Gustave
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Croisy, Aristide Onésyme
  French sculptor in the nineteenth century.