Cast in Stone

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Items

• Smith, Simon
  British sculptor
• Smuts, Jan Christiaan
  Prime Minister of South Africa (1919-1924; 1939-1948)
• Soares, Ernest Joseph
  Member of Parliament for Barnstaple (1900-1911). Soares was the son of José Luís Xavier Soares, a Liverpool merchant of Indian origin, and Hannah Hollingsworth of Liverpool (possible entry match in the Legacies of British Slavery database).
• Sobers, Shawn
  British visual anthropologist, filmmaker, photographer and writer.
• Sobers, Shawn
  Professor of Cultural Interdisciplinary Practice, University of the West of England
• Somers, George
  English privateer and leading figure in the English colonisation of Bermuda. Somers was involved in the Preston Somers expedition of 1595 to the Province of Venezuela and the Spanish West Indies.
• Sow, Ousmane
  Senegalese sculptor in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
• Squire, Roger
  Former Joint Chief Executive of The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC).
• St Aubyn, John, 1st Baron St Levan
  British politician and peer. St Aubyn donated the Cornish granite for the plinth of the Buller statue. St Aubyn had a close relationship to Redvers Buller. The two men were brother-in-laws, as Buller was married to Audrey Jane Charlotte Townshend (d. 1926) and St Aubyn was married to her sister Elizabeth Clementina Townshend (d. 1910). St Aubyn's son, John Townshend St Aubyn, 2nd Baron St Levan (1857-1940), had been the Aide-de-camp to General Sir Redvers Buller during the Suakin Expedition in Sudan in 1884.
• Stanhope, Philip Henry
  British antiquarian and Tory politician in the nineteenth century. His father, Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope (1781-1855) was awarded compensation for enslaved people in Jamaica as a trustee (with Abel Smith) of a marriage settlement between Lt Col John F. Crewe and Harriet Smith.
• Stanley, Henry Morton
  Welsh-American explorer, journalist, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Stanley briefly fought for the Confederate States Army but was later recruited to fight for the Union after being taken captive as a prisoner of war. Between 1867 and 1890, Stanley was involved in a number of colonial expeditions and conflicts in Africa. As an agent of King Leopold II of Belgium from 1879 to 1884, Stanley was a key figure in the Belgian colonisation of the Congo Basin.
• Starmer, Keir
  Leader of the Opposition (2020-)
• Steell, John
  Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include a statue of George Kinloch in Dundee, a statue of James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie in the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata, and a statue of James Wilson, which was originally installed in Kolkata but was later repatriated to London in 1960.
• Stephens, Edward Bowring
  British sculptor in the nineteenth century. His notable colonial works include the two statues of the slave-owner John Rolle at Lupton House and Bicton House in Devon.
• Stephenson, Paul
  British civil rights activist, especially for the British African-Caribbean community in Bristol
• Stephenson, Robert
  British railway engineer and locomotive designer in the nineteenth century. Stephenson’s involvement in the development of the rail network in Britain overlapped with the final years of colonial slavery in the 1820s and 1830s. Some of those who had investments in slavery in the Caribbean began to invest their capital into rail infrastructure in this period. In the early 1820s, for example, Stephenson worked as a surveyor on behalf of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The company’s deputy chair was John Moss (1782-1858), who was a Liverpool banker, slave-owner, and promoter of some of the earliest railway schemes. Other railway projects Stephenson worked on, such as the London and Birmingham Railway, also attracted investment from figures involved in Britain’s slave economy, although the degree of investment varied between companies. In addition to his work in Britain, Stephenson briefly worked between 1824 and 1827 in South America, where he was involved in mining projects in Gran Colombia as part of growing British industrial interests on the continent.
• Stevenson, David Watson
  Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Stoddart, Alexander
  Scottish sculptor active in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
• Stopford, Frederick William
  British military officer in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Stopford was military secretary to Redvers Buller during the Second Boer War (1899-1902).
• Strémon, René
  French sculptor in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
• Stuart Burnett, Thomas
  Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth century
• Sturge, Joseph
  English Quaker and abolitionist active in the nineteenth century. Sturge was a major figure in the campaigns to abolish slavery in the British Caribbean and improve working conditions in the region after emancipation in 1834. During his travels to the Caribbean in the 1830s, Sturge worked with Baptist chapels in Jamaica to found Free Villages for formerly enslaved communities. Sturge also purchased freedom for an apprenticed man in Jamaica named James Williams, took him to London, and helped him to publish his testimony in 'A Narrative of Events Since the First of August, 1834'. Sturge's experiences in the post-emancipation Caribbean were further recorded in the co-written report 'The West Indies in 1837'. After abolition, Sturge also bought two plantation estates in Montserrat, naming them Olveston and Elberton, for use as a free-labour experiment. The Sturge family subsequently became heavily involved on the island through their Montserrat Company and the introduction of commercial lime production. In 1839, Sturge led the founding of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (today Anti-Slavery International). Many of the Sturge family papers related to Montserrat are now in the care of the Montserrat National Trust.
• Surcouf, Robert
  French slave-trader in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Surcouf's slave voyages between 1818 and 1825 have been recorded in the SlaveVoyages database. The Voyage IDs are: 33208; 34008; 34132; 34277; 34404.
• Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, George, 2nd Duke of Sutherland
  British politician in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. His mother, Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland (1765-1839), had connections to slave-ownership through her mother Mary Sutherland (c. 1740–1766), who was the daughter and heir of William Maxwell (c. 1711-1760) whose estate consisted 'mostly in trade and plantations in Jamaica'.
• Swynnerton, Joseph William
  Manx sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Syamour, Marguerite
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Symons, William Penn
  British colonial officer who fought in Asia and Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century.
• Tagore, Rabindranath
  Bengali-Indian poet, dramatist, writer, educationist and artist, the first winner of the Nobel Prize from India. Tagore founded Vishwabharati University, at Shantiniketan, India, to apply his principles of alternative pedagogy. He inspired Leonard Elmhirst to found the Dartington Hall in Devon, premised on similar educational principles.
• Tajana, André
  French sculptor in the twentieth century.
• Tate, Henry
  English sugar merchant and philanthropist in the nineteenth century, who established the Tate Gallery in London. The connections between Tate, slavery, and colonialism in the nineteenth century are complex. As Legacies of British Slavery have argued, there were three indirect but fundamental connections between the Tate sugar firm, the Tate art collection, and empire. Firstly, the sugar industry of the nineteenth century was built upon the foundations of the transatlantic slave economy of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Secondly, British sugar continued to be sourced principally from the Caribbean and South America after abolition. It is not yet clear the extent to which the Tate firm may have also sourced raw sugar from the slave states of Brazil and Cuba during this period. Thirdly, many of the items in the Tate art collection have their own connections to transatlantic slavery and colonialism. These include, for instance, Joshua Reynolds’s painting The Infant Samuel (1776), which was bequeathed by Charles Long, Lord Farnborough, as well as The Banished Lord (1777), which was presented by Rev. William Long.
• Taylor, Alexander
  British colonial soldier in India and later president of the Royal Indian Engineering College from 1881 to 1896.
• Temple, Henry, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
  Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1855-1858; 1859-1865). Palmerston was also Secretary at War (1809-1828) and Foreign Secretary (1830-1834; 1835-1841; 1846-1851).
• Ternouth, John
  English sculptor active in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include a memorial to Henry Davidson in All Saints Church, Kingston-upon-Thames and a memorial to Reverend William Heath in St George’s Church, Grenada.
• Terroir, Alphonse
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Testas, Al Pouessi Marthe Adélaïde Modeste
  Ethiopian woman who was enslaved and purchased by French slave-traders, the Testas brothers, who sent it to Saint-Domingue where they owned a plantation. The name under which the statue appears is its baptismal name, given by the people who bought it. She was freed by will in 1795.
• Theed, William
  British sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include a memorial to Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere in St Margaret's Church, Wrenbury, a memorial to William Nairn Forbes in St. Paul's Cathedral in Kolkata and the Africa statue grouping on the Albert Memorial in London.
• Thomas, James Havard
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Thomas, John
  British sculptor in the nineteenth century.
• Thompson, Jake
  British resident of Shropshire.
• Thomsen, Constant
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Thornycroft, Hamo
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of Charles Gordon in London, the statue of Queen Victoria in Durban, and the equestrian statue of Cecil Rhodes in Kimberley.
• Thornycroft, Thomas
  English sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include the equestrian statue of Richard Bourke in Barrackpore and the "Commerce" statue grouping on the Albert Memorial in London.
• Tincknell, Estella
  Associate Professor in Film and Culture, University of the West of England
• Tindal, Nicholas Conyngham
  British lawyer in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a trustee of James Grant (1742 - 1822), Tindal received two-thirds of the compensation for enslaved people on Grant's Amsterdam estate in British Guiana in 1836. Tindal's daughter, Merelina Tindal (1815-1852), married the London banker James Whatman Bosanquet (1804-1877), who also received compensation for enslaved people for three estates on Nevis.
• Tjibaou, Jean-Marie
  Kanak nationalist politician in the twentieth century.
• Toft, Albert
  English sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include two Boer War memorials in Birmingham and Cardiff.
• Tollemache, Frederick
  British politician and a director of the New Zealand Company in the nineteenth century.
• Tonglet, Hervé
  French sculptor active in the twenty-first century.
• Topin, Jean
  French sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Townsend, Christine
  Bristol Councillor