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Churchill, Winston Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940-1945; 1951-1955) The British Empire fundamentally shaped Churchill's life and career. From 1896 to 1901, Churchill fought as a soldier in several colonial conflicts, including in India, Sudan, and South Africa. He wrote a number of books recounting his military experiences with the Empire, including The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898), The River War (1899), London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900), and Ian Hamilton's March (1900). During the interwar years, Churchill held many ministerial offices and briefly served as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1921 to 1922. Churchill's first term (1940-1945) was dominated by the Second World War and its consequences for the British Empire. His second term (1951-1955) was marked by Britain's postwar transition and conflicts over decolonisation across the globe, including the Mau Mau Rebellion and the Malayan Emergency. -
Cibber, Caius Gabriel Danish sculptor in the seventeenth century. -
Clapperton, Thomas John Scottish sculptor active in the twentieth century.
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Clarke, George English sculptor active in the nineteenth century.
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Clarke, George Somers British architect and Egyptologist in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Clayton, Robert Member of the Court of Assistants to the Royal African Company (1672-1682) and Lord Mayor of London (1679-1680). Clayton also acquired a large plantation in Bermuda through his wife Martha Trott, who was the daughter of a Bermuda merchant and factor. -
Clive, Edward British aristocrat and colonial administrator in India -
Clive, Robert British East India Company official -
Cobbett, William English radical pamphleteer, journalist, and politician. Cobbett held strongly racist views and was an important working-class opponent of the British abolition movement in the early nineteenth-century. -
Cobden, Richard British Radical and Liberal statesman and manufacturer in the nineteenth century. -
Codrington, Christopher Slave-owner and colonial administrator in late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Barbados. Codrington was Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1699 to 1704, as well as being a major benefactor of All Souls College, Oxford and their formerly named Codrington Library. -
Coeur, Jacques Grand bourgeois parvenu, il devient le grand argentier du roi Charles VII en 1439, dans le contexte de crise de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans. Il réorganise la fiscalité et développe le commerce, notamment avec l’Italie et l’Egypte. Sa chute est aussi spectaculaire que son ascension, elle le contraint à l’exil. Il meurt sur l’île de Chio lors d’une expédition navale contre les Turcs. -
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Jean-Baptiste Colbert was Intendant of Finances, Secretary of the Maison du Roi, and State Secretary to the Navy under Louis XIV. He developed industry and trade, reorganising state finances, laws, and the navy. The navy was a crucial military tool for French colonialism. Under Louis XIV, France was one of the most powerful colonial empires, with a large presence in North America and the Caribbean. Colbert founded the French West India Company and French East India Company in 1664. Thanks to the slave trade, the fur trade, and other resources extracted from far away lands, France experienced unprecedented commercial growth. Louis XIV charged Colbert with writing set rules to organise slavery, which had been abolished in the kingdom in 1315, but was practised in its colonies, especially in the Caribbean. Colbert thus compiled rules sent by local governors and turned it into a piece of legislation coined the "Code Noir", which became a royal edict two years after he died. -
Cole, Galbraith Lowry British army officer and colonial administrator. Cole served as Governor of Mauritius from 1823 to 1828 and then the Cape Colony from 1828 to 1833. -
Cole, Tim Professor of Social History, University of Bristol
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Colston, Edward English slave trader, merchant, philanthropist, and politician. Colston was a Member of the Royal African Company from 1680 to 1692 as well as Deputy Governor from 1689 to 1690. He was also Member of Parliament for Bristol from 1710 to 1713. -
Colton, William Robert British sculptor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the Boer War Memorial in Worcester and the Royal Artillery Boer War Memorial in London.
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Cook, James British colonial explorer, cartographer and naval officer in the eighteenth century. Cook is most well know for his three voyages (1768-1771; 1772-1775; 1776-1779) in the Pacific Ocean, which set off British colonial expansion into the region. During his first voyage, Cook's first encounter with the Māori people in New Zealand ended in the deaths of nine Māori. In 1779, during his third and final voyage, Cook was killed trying to take Kalaniʻōpuʻu hostage, who was the ruling chief (aliʻi nui) of the island of Hawaii at the time. The legacy of Cook's expeditions, and in particular its consequences for the indigenous people of the Pacific Ocean, has been highly contested in the present. In 2019, for instance, the British government expressed its regret for the killing of Māori people during Cook's first voyage, although it stopped short of a full apology. In 2024, a statue of Cook in Melbourne, Australia was sawn off in protest over the Australia Day public holiday, with the words "THE COLONY WILL FALL" graffitied on the plinth underneath. -
Coram, Thomas English sea captain and philanthropist who created the Foundling Hospital in London. Coram founded a shipyard in Massachusetts in 1694, and was later appointed as a trustee of the Georgia Colony in 1732. -
Cornell, David British sculptor
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Cotton, Stapleton, 1st Viscount Combermere British Army officer, politician, colonial administrator and slave-owner. Cotton came from a family with extensive involvement in British slave-ownership in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean. Sir William Stapleton (?-1686) was Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1671 to 1686 and acquired a number of estates in Antigua, St Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat. Stapleton Cotton (1773-1865), Baron Combermere (from 1814) and Viscount Combermere (from 1827) inherited the family interest and became the co-owner of two enslaved labour-estates in St Kitts and Nevis in the 1820s. Upon abolition, Cotton received £3,739 in compensation for 227 enslaved people on his estate in St Kitts, and £3,465 for 193 enslaved people on his estates in Nevis. In 1862, Cotton transferred his Caribbean estates to his son Wellington Henry (1818-91), 2nd Viscount Combermere, with the family interest in the region lasting into the early twentieth century. In addition to his involvement in slave-ownership, Cotton also served in various capacities as a military officer and colonial administrator in the Caribbean, Ireland, and India. From 1817 to 1820, Cotton served as Governor of Barbados, before later becoming Commander-in-Chief in Ireland from 1822 to 1825 and India from 1825 to 1830. -
Craig, Asher Deputy Mayor of Bristol with responsibility for Children's Services, Education and Equalities
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Croggon, William British sculptor active in the early nineteenth century.
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Crompton, Samuel British inventor in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who invented the spinning mule. -
Cromwell, Oliver English military and political leader in the seventeenth century. A pivotal figure in British history, and one whose historical reputation has long been the source of debate, Cromwell's colonial legacy is symbolised by the war in Ireland (1649-1653) and the capture of Jamaica from the Spanish in 1655. Jamaica became one of Britain's wealthiest colonies through the use of enslaved African labour, with the British occupying the island for the next three centuries. -
Crook, Thomas Mewburn English sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Cruikshank, George British caricaturist and book illustrator active in the nineteenth century. Cruikshank's life overlapped with contemporary political debates over the institution of slavery in the early nineteenth-century British Empire. Many of his works, such as the 'The New Union Club' (1819) and 'An Emancipated N****' (1833), were explicitly pro-slavery and racist in their depiction of Black people. In 1822, Cruikshank produced a number of caricatures satirising Richard Westmacott's colossal bronze statue of Achilles, intended as a tribute to the Duke of Wellington, which reflected many of the gendered anxieties around the nude male body in the Regency era. There are also traces of racialised depictions in these caricatures. 'Backside & Front View of the Ladies Fancy-man, Paddy Carey', for instance, depicts a woman racialised as black amidst a group of white onlookers on the right hand side. -
Currie, Andrew Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth century.
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Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1899-1905). -
Dance-Holland, Nathaniel British painter and politician in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. -
Darwin, Charles English naturalist, geologist, biologist and the founder of the theories of evolutionary biology and natural selection. -
Davidson, Andrew Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Davis, Edward British sculptor in the nineteenth century.
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Day Keyworth junior, William English sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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de Boigne, Benoît Colonial general who fought in India in the late eighteenth century and made a fortune from colonial land holdings there. His first marriage was to an Indian woman variously identified as 'Halime Banu', 'Nur Begam', or "Hélene Bennett". They had two children, a daughter named 'Banu' or 'Anna (1789–1804) and a son named 'Ali Bakhsh' or 'Charles Alexander' (1792-1853). Benoît de Boigne's colonial fortune enabled him to become a major philanthropist in his home town of Chambéry in Savoie. His brother Claude Pierre Joseph Leborgne de Boigne (1762-1832) was a colonial administrator in Santo Domingo. -
de Crussol, Jacques French colonial explorer in late nineteenth century Africa. -
de Saint-Marceaux, René French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. -
de Villebois-Mareuil, Georges Militaire français, membre de l’extrême droite monarchiste, il participe à la fondation de la Ligue d’extrême droite de l’Action française en 1898. Anglophobe, il s’engage aux côtés des Boers contre les Britanniques en Afrique australe en 1899 et trouve la mort lors de la bataille de Boshof.
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de Vimeur, Jean-Baptiste Donatien, comte de Rochambeau French commander-in-chief during the American Revolutionary War. -
Deproge, Ernest Avocat comme son grand-père Louis Fabien, condamné au début du XIXe siècle en même temps que Cyrille Bissette pour avoir réclamé des droits pour les libres de couleur, il est élu député de la Martinique de 1882 à 1898. Il fonde le Parti Radical Socialiste Martiniquais et dirige de 1886 à 1893 un journal, La Petite France, où il défend l’assimilation, demandant le développement de l’instruction et l’application de la conscription. Battu aux élections de 1898, il se retire de la politique et mène une carrière administrative impériale, à la Réunion puis en France.
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Dhondy, Farrukh Indian-British writer and activist based in London. -
Dick, William Reid Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of David Livingstone in Zimbabwe and the statues of Lord Irwin and the Earl of Willingdon in Coronation Park, Delhi.
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Dinham, John British businessman and philanthropist in Exeter. Dinham made his wealth as a tea-merchant based in London. -
Disraeli, Benjamin Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868; 1874-1880) -
Dizengremel, Laury Sculptor
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Dobson, Benjamin Alfred English textile machinery manufacturer and mayor of Bolton.
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Dorries, Nadine Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (September 2021-September 2022) -
Doubleday, John British sculptor
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Douglass, Frederick American abolitionist, suffragist, writer, and statesman. Born into slavery, Douglass became one of the most important abolitionists and civil rights leaders of the nineteenth century. He made a number of visits to the British Isles during his life, visiting England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The website 'Frederick Douglass in Britain and Ireland' maps where Douglass and other transatlantic abolitionists gave speeches. -
Dowden, Oliver Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (February 2020-September 2021) and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2023-).