Cast in Stone

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• Juin, Alphonse
  French military general who participated in the Morocco campaign as well as the two world wars. Juin was also Resident-General of France in Morocco between 1947 and 1951.
• Kaeppelin, Philippe
  French sculptor in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
• Kekewich, George William
  Member of Parliament for Exeter (1906-1910). His father, Samuel Trehawke Kekewich (1796 - 1873) received compensation for enslaved people on the Hope Vale estate in Grenada, as trustee of marriage settlement of William James D'Urban and Mary Elizabeth Stewart Mitchell. His nephew, Robert Kekewich (1854-1914) was a soldier who fought in the Second Boer War among other colonial conflicts.
• Kennaway, John, 3rd Baronet
  Member of Parliament for East Devon (1870-1885) and Honiton (1885-1910).
• Khan, Sadiq
  Mayor of London (2016-)
• Kingsley, Charles
  British clergyman, historian and novelist in the nineteenth century. Kingsley came from a family with ties to British slave-ownership in the Caribbean. His maternal grandfather, Nathan Lucas (1761-1828), was a slave-owner who owned estates in Barbados and Guiana. This personal relationship to the legacies of chattel slavery extended into Kingsley's own life, as evidenced by his support for the Confederacy during the American Civil War, or indeed his involvement in the Eyre Defence Committee in 1865 in defence of Governor Eyre's brutal repression of the Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica. Kingsley also recorded his travel experiences in the Caribbean in the work At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (1871).
• Kinloch, George
  Scottish slave-owner and politician. Kinloch owned the Grange estate in Jamaica between 1795 and 1803 and was Member of Parliament for Dundee from 1832 to 1833.
• Kirby, Éilis
• Kitchener, Horatio
  Senior British Army officer and colonial administrator in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Kitchener served as Sirdar of the Egyptian Army (1892-1899), Governor General of the Sudan (1899), Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa (1900-1902), Commander-in-Chief, India (1902-1909), British Consul-General in Egypt (1911-1914), and Secretary of State for War (1914-1916). Kitchener's colonial legacy has been defined, above all, by his decision to use concentration camps against Boer and black African civilians during the Second Boer War (1899-1902), with over 150,000 people interned in British camps across South Africa. An estimated 28,000 Boers and 20,000 black Africans died in these camps during the conflict.
• La Mulâtresse Solitude
  Maroon woman from Guadeloupe who fought against the French reestablishment of slavery in 1802. La Mulâtresse Solitude is both a historical figure mentioned by a historian in the mid-19th century and a literary and legendary figure of Guadeloupean resistance to slavery.
• Lagriffoul, Henri
  French sculptor in the twentieth century.
• Laird, John
  British shipbuilder and Member of Parliament for Birkenhead (1861-1874). The Laird family had a number of links to slavery and colonialism, as well as to the Confederate States of America. John Laird's father, William Laird (1780-1841), was a Glaswegian merchant and ropemaker who developed the Birkenhead Iron Works opposite Liverpool in the 1820s for ship construction. Direct links between Laird and slave-ownership / slave-trading have not been fully traced, but Glasgow and Liverpool were major British slave-trading ports and it is possible Laird would have supplied slave ships with ropes. John Laird's brother, Macgregor Laird (1808-1861), was a merchant involved in early efforts to open up colonial trade on the River Niger in West Africa. Macgregor financed Richard Lander (1804-1834; see also separate database entry) to undertake an expedition to the region in 1832. During the American Civil War, John Laird Sons & Company built four ships for the Confederate States Navy, which was fighting to preserve the institution of slavery in the United States, in violation of Britain's official policy of neutrality during the war. Two Laird-built ships, CSS Alabama and CSS Lark, were successfully delivered to the Confederacy. The other two ships, El Tousson and El Monassir (renamed HMS Wivern), were seized by the British government in 1863. The US government later brought legal action against the UK for damages caused by these ships, known as the Alabama Claims. John Laird Sons & Company (today operating under the name Cammell Laird) built a number of ships that saw service in the British Empire, such as HMS Birkenhead (1845), HMS Orontes (1862) and HMS Euphrates (1866).
• Lake, Cleo
  Lord Mayor of Bristol (2018-2019)
• Lambert, George, 1st Viscount Lambert
  Member of Parliament for South Molton (1891-1924; 1929-1945).
• Lander, Richard
  British colonial explorer in West Africa in the early nineteenth century. At the age of 13, Lander traveled to the Caribbean with a merchant and spent a brief year living in San Domingo (today Haiti and the Dominica Republic) from 1817 to 1818. He later accompanied Major W. M. G. Colebrooke on an expedition to Cape Colony in 1823, and Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton on an expedition to West Africa from 1825 to 1827. Lander made two more travels to West Africa from 1830 to 1831 and from 1832 to 1834, where he died after being attacked by indigenous people. Lander's final travels in 1832 was financed by Liverpool merchants led by Macgregor Laird (see also the database entry for John Laird), meaning that that there is a very strong likelihood that slavery-derived wealth provided the resources to undertake this expedition to Africa. Lander briefly worked in a customs office in Liverpool from 1831-1832 and would have built up contacts in the city from this position.
• Landon, Perceval
  British writer, traveller, and journalist in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Landseer, Edwin Henry
  English painter and sculptor in the nineteenth century.
• Largeau, Victor-Emmanuel
  French colonial officer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Largeau played an important role in the colonisation and and creation of the French colony of Chad.
• Lattre de Tassigny, Jean
  French military general in the twentieth century who fought in the First World War, the Rif War, the Second World War, and the Indochina War.
• Lavigerie, Charles
  French priest and missionary in North Africa in the nineteenth century. Lavigerie was Archbishop of Algiers (1867-1884) and Carthage (1884-1892).
• Lawlor, John
  Irish sculptor active in the nineteenth century.
• Lawrence, John
  British Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1864-1869).
• Lawson, George Anderson
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Lawson, Wilfrid, 2nd Baronet
  English radical and anti-imperialist Liberal Party politician in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Leclerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel
  Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc was born in Pontoise, France, on March 17, 1772, into a bourgeois family. He joined the army during the French Revolution in 1791, and fought alongside Napoleon Bonaparte in 1793. In 1797, he married Pauline Bonaparte, Napoleon’s sister. He participated in the coup d'état which turned Napoleon into First Consul. In 1801, Bonaparte sent troops to Saint-Domingue to reestablish slavery. Saint-Domingue was a fundamental island in the French colonial empire due to its production of sugar cane, cultivated during the Ancien Régime by enslaved Africans. During the French Revolution, a major slave revolt led to the first abolition of slavery in 1793, enacted by the Convention. Saint-Domingue was governed by Toussaint Louverture, who established a constitution for the island in 1799. Bonaparte officially reestablished slavery on May 20, 1802, and Leclerc led a brutal repression in Saint-Domingue. French troops practiced torture and summary executions. Leclerc died of yellow fever in Saint-Domingue during the expedition on November 2, 1802.
• Lee, William
  Enslaved African American who was owned by and worked for George Washington in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As Washington's personal manservant during the American Revolutionary War, William Lee was a prominent figure who appears in several contemporary paintings alongside Washington. His wife was Margaret Thomas Lee, a free Black woman and domestic who also worked for Washington. William Lee was freed outright by Washington's will in 1799 and died at Mount Vernon in 1810.
• Leighton, Frederic
  British painter, draughtsman, and sculptor in the nineteenth century. His sculpture An Athlete Wrestling With a Python (1877) was one of the inaugural works of the New Sculpture movement in Britain.
• Lemot, François-Frédéric
  French sculptor active in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
• Léopold II
  King of the Belgians (1865 to 1909) and founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State (1885-1908).
• Lever, William, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
  English industrialist, philanthropist, and politician in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Lever's wealth was generated principally through the manufacture and sale of soap and cleaning products. In the early twentieth century, Lever Brothers developed a number of colonial plantations in the Belgian Congo and the Solomon Islands, operated by subsidiary firms called Huileries du Congo Belge and Lever’s Pacific Plantations Limited, to provide the raw materials for manufacturing soap.
• Lewis, Edmonia
  American sculptor of mixed African-American and Native American (Mississauga Ojibwe) heritage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Lewis worked for many years in Rome and lived in Paris and London in her later life. She is buried in St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery in Kensal Green. Although the majority of her works are currently located in the United States, there are two pieces by Lewis in the United Kingdom: a bust of Christ at Mount Stuart in Scotland and a bust of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool.
• Lewis, George Cornewall
  British Home Secretary (1859-1861) and Secretary of State for War (1861-1863) during the American Civil War. Lewis's maternal grandfather, Sir George Cornewall 2nd Bart. (1748-1819) was the absentee slave-owner of the La Taste estate in Grenada. Sir George Cornewall 3rd Bart. (1774-1835), Lewis' uncle, inherited the estates and was awarded compensation for enslaved people after abolition.
• Leygues, Georges
  French politician in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Among his many governmental positions, Leygues was Minister of the Navy (1917-1920; 1925-1930; 1932-1933) and briefly Prime Minister of France (1920-1921).
• Lincoln, Abraham
  President of the United States (1861-1865)
• Linscott, Thomas
  Mayor of Exeter (1905).
• Livingstone, David
  Scottish colonialist, physician, Christian missionary, and explorer in Africa in the nineteenth century. Livingstone's early life and employment was associated with West Indian slavery. From 1823, he worked in Blantyre Mill, owned by Henry Monteith, who was in a partnership with two Glasgow-West India merchants in the 1810s. Later in life, after several years of experience in Africa, he condemned slave traders, but retained his respect for cotton merchants, who had financed his own education.
• Locke, Hew
  British sculptor and contemporary visual artist.
• Locke, John
  English philosopher, physician and one of the most important Enlightenment thinkers. Locke had an investment in the Royal African Company between 1672 and 1675. As the Earl of Shaftesbury's personal secretary, Locke also served as the official clerk for the Council on Foreign Plantations and helped to draft the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669), which explicitly promoted hereditary nobility and slavery in North America.
• Louis Botinelly
  Sculpteur formé aux Beaux-Arts de Marseille, puis de Paris dans l'atelier du sculpteur Jules Coutan. Installé à Marseille après la première Guerre mondiale, il réalise de nombreux monuments aux morts et il est associé à la décoration des bâtiments des expositions coloniales (1922 et 1931).
• Louis Léopold Reminy
  Artist from Martinique
• Louis-Noël, Hubert
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Louverture, François-Dominique Toussaint
  Haitian military general and the leader of the Haitian Revolution from 1791 to 1802.
• Lovy, Charles-Joseph
  French soldier who died in Algeria in 1903
• Lowther, William, 1st Earl of Lonsdale
  British politician in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. His cousin, James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale (1736-1803) was a landowner, politician, and absentee slave-owner of the Lowther estate in Barbados from 1756 to 1802. History of Parliament describes William Lowther as inheriting 'vast wealth as well as a viscountcy from Sir James Lowther' upon the latter's death in 1802.
• Lyautey, Hubert
  His military career was imperial: Algeria (1880-1882 and 1903-1912); Indochina (1894-1897); Madagascar (1897-1900); Morocco (1912-1925). He played a crucial role in the conquest of Morocco from 1908. He became the first Resident General of Morocco in 1913, revigorating the classic protectorate formula. Raised to the rank of Marshal in 1921, he resigned in 1925 in opposition to the all-out war waged against the Rif Republic. He wrote influent essays, notably on the "social role of the officer", and was elected to the Académie française in 1912. From 1927 to 1931, he organized the Vincennes International Colonial Exhibition.
• MacDonald, Flora
  Scottish Jacobite and a plantation-owner in North Carolina in the 1770s. In 1774, Flora and her husband Allan MacDonald (?-1792) emigrated to Montgomery County, North Carolina, where they settled on a plantation at Cheek's Creek. There is a possibility that enslaved Africans worked on their plantation or on nearby estates. Hugh Douglas's 1993 biography refers to the MacDonalds bringing 'eight indentured servants, three women, and five men' with them to their plantation in North Carolina (Douglas, p. 151), but makes no mention of slavery in this period. Primary sources indicate the MacDonald's entanglements with slave-ownership. In an extract from a letter dated December 31st 1777 from Captain Alexander MacDonald to his cousin Allan MacDonald, Alexander asks him to deliver some enslaved African children from his home on Staten Island in New York: 'I wish you would be so Good as to Sende or order to be Sent Some Negro Chielderen that are at my House as their Mothere is Dead, unless you finde matters are like to be Sattled in which case I would let them Stay where they are I again wish we were alltogethere as the more we are in one place the more respectable our appearance wishing you and all ffriends the complments of the Season and with Mrs McDonald's and my kinde wishes for every thing that can make you Hapy & ever I am with Sincerity and truth Dear Cousin' (AmericanRevolution - Letter-Book of Captain Alexander MacDonald of the Royal Highland Emigrants) In 1775, the MacDonald's plantation life was disrupted by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Allan departed to fight on behalf of the Loyalists, while Flora was left in charge of running their plantation. In April 1777, the MacDonalds were evicted from their estate and had their property confiscated. In 1779, Flora MacDonald departed North America for London and later returned to Scotland. There are tentative matches in the Legacies of British Slavery database for a 'Lieut. Col. John McDonald' and an 'Allan McDonald', but the precise family connections have not yet been traced.
• MacDowell, Patrick
  British sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include a statue of William Brown in St. George's Hall, Liverpool, a statue of Edward Pellew at the National Maritime Museum, London, and a statue of John FitzGibbon in Limerick, Ireland, which was destroyed by the IRA in 1930.
• Mackennal, Bertram
  Australian sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of George Curzon in London and two equestrian statues of King Edward VII in London and Kolkata.
• Mackinnon, William
  Scottish ship-owner and businessman in the nineteenth century. Mackinnon established the British-India Steam Navigation Company and the Imperial British East Africa Company.
• Macklin, Thomas Eyre
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.