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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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Brown, William Kellock Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Bruce-Joy, Albert Irish sculptor working in England in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Bruce, Henry Austin British politician in the nineteenth century. Bruce was a leading figure in the National African Company and its successor the Royal Niger Company from 1882 to 1895, as well as the founder of what is now Cardiff University.
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Buller, Audrey Wife of Redvers Buller.
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Buller, Redvers British army officer who fought in several colonial conflicts across the globe in the second half of the nineteenth-century, including China, Canada, West Africa, East Africa, and South Africa.
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Burgoyne, John Fox British Army officer who fought in a number of nineteenth century conflicts, including the Alexandria expedition in 1807 and Battle of New Orleans in 1815.
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Burke, Edmund Anglo-Irish statesman, political theorist and conservative philosopher in the eighteenth century.
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Burnard, Neville Northey British sculptor in the nineteenth century. Burnard's patron, the Cornish MP Sir Charles Lemon, 2nd Baronet had an indirect connection to British slavery through his father Sir William Lemon, 1st Baronet, who was a mortgage holder of the Belmont estate in St Vincent.
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Butler, Vincent Scottish sculptor in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
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Campbell, Colin, 1st Baron Clyde British Army officer and Commander-in-Chief of India from 1857 to 1861. Campbell fought in several colonial conflicts in the Caribbean and Asia during the nineteenth century, and was involved in the suppression of the Demerara slave rebellion in 1823 and the Indian rebellion in 1857.
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Campbell, Thomas Scottish sculptor active in the nineteenth century.
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Canning, George British Prime Minister, statesman, and pro-slavery politician in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Canning was an important opponent of the abolition of slavery in the 1820s, and his views on the subject have been discussed at length by the historian Michael Taylor. As Member of Parliament for Liverpool between 1812 and 1823, one of his major political patrons had been the absentee Guyanese slave-owner and politician John Gladstone (1764-1851). Canning also enjoyed a close personal and political friendship with Charles Rose Ellis, Lord Seaford (1771-1845), who was a leading figure in the West India interest and an absentee Jamaican slave-owner. As Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons, Canning was responsible for thwarting Thomas Fowell Buxton's early efforts to introduce a plan for abolition in May 1823. His opposition to emancipation was often couched explicitly in ideas of racial inferiority: in a speech to the Commons on amelioration in March 1824, for instance, he argued 'In dealing with the n****, Sir, we must remember that we are dealing with a being possessing the form and strength of a man, but the intellect only of a child'.
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Carew, John Edward Irish sculptor active in the nineteenth century.
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Carlyle, Thomas Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher (1795-1881). Carlyle's essay 'Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question', first published in 1849 and republished in 1853 with a new title, expounded a defence of slavery on the grounds of racial inferiority. He later led the Eyre Defence and Aid Fund to defend Governor John Eyre's violent repression of the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica in 1865. Carlyle's thought had a wide-ranging influence both during and after his life. Other nineteenth-century proslavery intellectuals such as George Fitzhugh and John Mitchel, the latter of whom Carlyle met in the mid-1840s, claimed inspiration from his work.
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Carteret, George Royalist statesman in Jersey and one of the original lords proprietor of the British colony of Carolina. Carteret was one of the six founding members of the Company of Royal Adventurers into Africa, an early predecessor of the Royal African Company (RAC), and later became a consultant and investor in the RAC.
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Cartwright, John English naval officer and political reformer in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
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Cass, John English slave-trader, politician and philanthropist in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Cass was a member of the Court of Assistants of the Royal African Company from 1705 and made substantial investments in the Company. Cass also served as a Member of Parliament from 1710 to 1715.
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Cassidy, John Irish sculptor who worked in Manchester in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Cassidy is probably most well known for sculpting the statue of the slave-trader Edward Colston for Bristol in 1895, but he also produced other colonial works, including the two statues of John and Enriqueta Rylands in Manchester's John Rylands Library.
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Castle, Barbara British Labour Party politician who was Member of Parliament for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979, making her one of the longest-serving female MPs in British history. Castle was a supporter of both the Movement for Colonial Freedom and the Anti-Apartheid Movement in the United Kingdom, and was a leading figure in protesting the British government's conduct during the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya (1952-1960). Castle visited Kenya in 1954 during the rebellion and made a famous speech in Parliament exposing governmental deception over the Hola Massacre in 1959.
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Cavendish, Charles British politician and soldier who was Inspector General of Imperial Yeomanry during the Second Boer War.
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Cavendish, Frederick British politician in the nineteenth century, whose appointment as the Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1882 was cut short by his murder by Irish republicans, known as the Phoenix Park Murders.
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Cavendish, Spencer, 8th Duke of Devonshire British politician in the nineteenth century. Cavendish served in a number of government positions, including Secretary of State for War (1866; 1882-1885), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1871-1874), and Secretary of State for India (1880-1882).
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Chantrey, Francis Legatt English sculptor active in the early nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of Edward Hyde East in Kolkata and the equestrian statue of Thomas Munro in Chennai. Chantrey also executed a number of monuments to figures with connections to transatlantic slavery, including a monument to Isaac Hawkins Browne in Badger, Shropshire, a monument to John 'Mad Jack' Fuller in Brightling, Sussex, and a bust of Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough, which is now in the collections of the National Gallery.
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Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland (1761-1818)
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Cheere, Henry English sculptor in the eighteenth century.
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Christie, Agatha Mary Clarissa, née Miller British detective fiction writer, creator of the characters Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She was married twice, the second time to the archaeologist Max Mallowan, whom she accompanied on several field trips in Iraq, Syria, and other places in the Middle East. These trips were enabled by the fact of British imperialism in the region. They were also associated with the cultural predation of twentieth-century archaeology. Christie's husband, Max Mallowan, was a devoted admirer of Gertrude Bell, whose enormous political influence on mandatory Iraq remains a contentious legacy. As the first director of the Iraq Museum, Bell designed Iraq's first antiquities law, which allowed archaeological excavators to remove 50% of their finds; these were priceless antiquities currently housed in museums in the West. Many of Christie's widely loved and enjoyed detective novels are set in Middle Eastern locales. They are replete with Orientalist stereotypes.
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Churchill, Winston Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940-1945; 1951-1955) The British Empire fundamentally shaped Churchill's life and career. From 1896 to 1901, Churchill fought as a soldier in several colonial conflicts, including in India, Sudan, and South Africa. He wrote a number of books recounting his military experiences with the Empire, including The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898), The River War (1899), London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900), and Ian Hamilton's March (1900). During the interwar years, Churchill held many ministerial offices and briefly served as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1921 to 1922. Churchill's first term (1940-1945) was dominated by the Second World War and its consequences for the British Empire. His second term (1951-1955) was marked by Britain's postwar transition and conflicts over decolonisation across the globe, including the Mau Mau Rebellion and the Malayan Emergency.
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Clapperton, Thomas John Scottish sculptor active in the twentieth century.
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Clarke, George English sculptor active in the nineteenth century.
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Clarke, George Somers British architect and Egyptologist in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Clive, Robert British East India Company official
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Cobbett, William English radical pamphleteer, journalist, and politician. Cobbett held strongly racist views and was an important working-class opponent of the British abolition movement in the early nineteenth-century.
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Cobden, Richard British Radical and Liberal statesman and manufacturer in the nineteenth century.
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Cole, Galbraith Lowry British army officer and colonial administrator. Cole served as Governor of Mauritius from 1823 to 1828 and then the Cape Colony from 1828 to 1833.
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Colston, Edward English slave trader, merchant, philanthropist, and politician. Colston was a Member of the Royal African Company from 1680 to 1692 as well as Deputy Governor from 1689 to 1690. He was also Member of Parliament for Bristol from 1710 to 1713.
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Colton, William Robert British sculptor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the Boer War Memorial in Worcester and the Royal Artillery Boer War Memorial in London.
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Cook, James British colonial explorer, cartographer and naval officer in the eighteenth century. Cook is most well know for his three voyages (1768-1771; 1772-1775; 1776-1779) in the Pacific Ocean, which set off British colonial expansion into the region. During his first voyage, Cook's first encounter with the Māori people in New Zealand ended in the deaths of nine Māori. In 1779, during his third and final voyage, Cook was killed trying to take Kalaniʻōpuʻu hostage, who was the ruling chief (aliʻi nui) of the island of Hawaii at the time. The legacy of Cook's expeditions, and in particular its consequences for the indigenous people of the Pacific Ocean, has been highly contested in the present. In 2019, for instance, the British government expressed its regret for the killing of Māori people during Cook's first voyage, although it stopped short of a full apology. In 2024, a statue of Cook in Melbourne, Australia was sawn off in protest over the Australia Day public holiday, with the words "THE COLONY WILL FALL" graffitied on the plinth underneath.
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Coram, Thomas English sea captain and philanthropist who created the Foundling Hospital in London. Coram founded a shipyard in Massachusetts in 1694, and was later appointed as a trustee of the Georgia Colony in 1732.
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Cornell, David British sculptor
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Cotton, Stapleton, 1st Viscount Combermere British Army officer, politician, colonial administrator and slave-owner. Cotton came from a family with extensive involvement in British slave-ownership in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean. Sir William Stapleton (?-1686) was Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1671 to 1686 and acquired a number of estates in Antigua, St Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat. Stapleton Cotton (1773-1865), Baron Combermere (from 1814) and Viscount Combermere (from 1827) inherited the family interest and became the co-owner of two enslaved labour-estates in St Kitts and Nevis in the 1820s. Upon abolition, Cotton received £3,739 in compensation for 227 enslaved people on his estate in St Kitts, and £3,465 for 193 enslaved people on his estates in Nevis. In 1862, Cotton transferred his Caribbean estates to his son Wellington Henry (1818-91), 2nd Viscount Combermere, with the family interest in the region lasting into the early twentieth century. In addition to his involvement in slave-ownership, Cotton also served in various capacities as a military officer and colonial administrator in the Caribbean, Ireland, and India. From 1817 to 1820, Cotton served as Governor of Barbados, before later becoming Commander-in-Chief in Ireland from 1822 to 1825 and India from 1825 to 1830.
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Craig, Asher Deputy Mayor of Bristol with responsibility for Children's Services, Education and Equalities
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Croggon, William British sculptor active in the early nineteenth century.
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Crompton, Samuel British inventor in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who invented the spinning mule.
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Crook, Thomas Mewburn English sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Cruikshank, George British caricaturist and book illustrator active in the nineteenth century. Cruikshank's life overlapped with contemporary political debates over the institution of slavery in the early nineteenth-century British Empire. Many of his works, such as the 'The New Union Club' (1819) and 'An Emancipated N****' (1833), were explicitly pro-slavery and racist in their depiction of Black people. In 1822, Cruikshank produced a number of caricatures satirising Richard Westmacott's colossal bronze statue of Achilles, intended as a tribute to the Duke of Wellington, which reflected many of the gendered anxieties around the nude male body in the Regency era. There are also traces of racialised depictions in these caricatures. 'Backside & Front View of the Ladies Fancy-man, Paddy Carey', for instance, depicts a woman racialised as black amidst a group of white onlookers on the right hand side.
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Currie, Andrew Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth century.
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Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1899-1905).
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Dance-Holland, Nathaniel British painter and politician in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
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Darwin, Charles English naturalist, geologist, biologist and the founder of the theories of evolutionary biology and natural selection.
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Davidson, Andrew Scottish sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.