Cast in Stone

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• 1914, Inauguration du monument Germain
• 1914, Installation of the Horatio Kitchener statue in Kolkata, India
• 1914, Monument Lieutenant-colonel Germain
• 1915, Installation of the statue of Alexander Taylor in Delhi
• 1916, Inauguration du monument à Christophe Colomb, Guadeloupe
• 1916, Inauguration du monument Colomb
• 1916, Columbus monument project relaunched
  Le projet est relancé par Emile Merwart, gouverneur de la Guadeloupe, dans le contexte de la mobilisation de la première Guerre mondiale
• 1920, Creation of a committee for a monument to Gallieni in Paris
  The Ligue Maritime et Coloniale forms a committee to raise a monument to Gallieni in Paris. It opens a suscription for funding and receives additional funds from the city of Paris.
• 1920, H. J. Wilkins, Edward Colston [1636-1721 A.D.]: A chronological account of his life and work together with an account of the Colston Societies and memorials in Bristol
  Written by the Reverend Henry John Wilkins in 1920, this biography was the first to explicitly identify Colston's involvement in the transatlantic slave-trade and the Royal African Company.
• 1920, Installation of the Horatio Kitchener statue in Khartoum, Sudan
• 1920, Relocation of the Horatio Kitchener statue from India to Sudan
• 1920, "Black Shame" scandal
  From 1920 to 1923, the German press, followed by the British and American press, denounced the crimes and, in particular, the rapes allegedly committed in the Rhineland by colonial soldiers of African origin, who had made up a small fraction (less than 1/5th) of the French occupation troops since 1919. The promoters of this racist campaign called for a ban on the use of colonial soldiers in Europe and for the reinforcement of segregation. French military investigations in 1921 showed most of the accusations to be unfounded. This racist crisis had two deadly consequences. The few children born in the Rhineland to colonial fathers, who had rarely been authorized by the French army to marry and recognize their mothers, were locked up and killed in Nazi concentration camps. During the May-June 1940 campaign in France, Nazi troops committed several targeted massacres of French colonial soldiers from sub-Saharan Africa.
• 1921-1922, Fundraising for the monument to Gallieni in Paris
  On October 15th, 1921, the Ligue Maritime et Coloniale Française opened a subscription to fund the monument to Joseph Gallieni in Paris. On February 5th, 1922, the newspaper le Petit Parisien indicated that the subscription is quite successful in both metropolitain France and in the colonies. The governement of Afrique Occidentale Française sent 5,000 francs to the subscription. On July 17th, 1922, le Petit Parisien signaled that 105,101.50 francs had been raised in Indochina. On October 29th, 1922, le Petit Parisien announced that the subscription would remain open a little bit longer, since contributions kepts coming in. At that point, the Ligue Maritime et Coloniale had collected 275,000 francs. The total sum to fund the monument exceeded 300,000 francs.
• 1921, Lahore Muncipal Committee campaign to remove the statue of John Lawrence
• 1922, An artist is commissioned to make the monument to Gallieni in Paris
  The committee for the erection of a monument to Gallieni in Paris, created by the Ligue Maritime et Coloniale Française, commissions sculptor Eugène Bénet to make the sculpture. The committee argues it is too small for Paris, and decides to place this first draft outside of the city, near the site of Gallieni's battle inWorld War I in Trilbardour, Seine-et-Marne. The committee then commissions sculptor Jean Boucher to make the current monument, for 300,000 Francs.
• 1923, Protests around the statue of John Lawrence in Lahore
• 1924, Authorisation from city council to build monument to Gallieni in Paris
  Paris town council authorizes the committee to erect the monument to Gallieni with a decree, and grants a piece of the Esplanade des Invalides for the project.
• 1924, Statue de Galliéni àTrilbardou (Seine-et-Marne)
• 1925, Inauguration du buste d'Ernest Deproge
  Gallica - Inauguration du buste d'Ernest Deproge
• 1925, Indian Seaman's Union formed
  Organised by Nathalal Jagjivan Upadhyay, a Gujarati journalist, Indian sailors were organised in a union with demands for fair wages, working conditions, and end to racial discrimination. The earliest meetings were held at the London Docks and in Poplar Town Hall.
• 1925, Protest attack on the statue of John Lawrence in Lahore
  The event was described by The Times of India as follows: "A mysterious outrage has been committed on the statue of Lord Lawrence. The discovery was made by the police this afternoon that the sword blade in the left-hand had been snapped off at the fingers though the hilt and straps remain intact. The pen which was held in the right-hand has been entirely removed. The statue is otherwise unscarred and the words "Will you be governed by pen or by sword" inscribed in bronze on the pedestal of the statue which stands on a marble plinth have not been mutilated. It may be recalled that a great controversy raged in Lahore a couple of years ago, regarding this statue, which is on the Mall on a small triangular grass plot adjoining the High Court. For days various attempts were made to damage the statue and threats were uttered in meetings, while the Municipal Committee recommended the removal of the statue or at least the obliteration of the alleged offensive words which the Indian Public misconstrued as an insult. The Government, however, refused to take any action and for many months since the excitement over the statue had completely died down, and the statue had long been left unguarded ..."
• 1926 Inauguration du monument à Galliéni (Paris)
• 1926, Annual ceremonie in memory of the Marne Battle in front of the monument to Gallieni in Paris
  The 12th anniversary of the bataille de la Marne took place on September 5th, 1926 in Paris and the nearby town of Meaux. This important battle from World War 1 was Gallieni's main military achievement in defending Paris against the German army. The commemoration ritual now included Gallieni's statue on the Esplanade des Invalides. At the foot of the monument, Pierre Godin (head of Paris city council) and Mr. Champion (vice-president of the Seine department) lay down palm leaves before going to Meaux. Parisians are encouraged to visit the oak tree planted in Gallieni's honor in the Jardin du Luxembourg.
• 1926, Inauguration of the monument to Joseph Gallieni in Paris
  The inauguration ceremony included a military parade along the Esplanade des Invalides in the presence of public dignitaries and a press agency (see photos from the inauguration on Gallica).
• 1927, Inauguration de l'escalier monumental de la gare Saint-Charles à Marseille
• 1927, Inauguration de l'escalier monumental de la gare Saint-Charles à Marseille
  Par Gaston Doumergue, président de la République
• 1928, Creation of the National Tribute Committee for général Mangin, chaired by Maréchal Foch
  Lancement d'une souscription publique pour financer le monument le 27 octobre 1928.
• 1928, Jacques Coeur "financier colonial"
  Parution d'un ouvrage historique sur Jacques Coeur qui exalte son rôle dans le commerce avec l'Egypte et l'Orient et qui le présente comme un précurseur de la domination française au Liban et en Syrie.
• 1930 Maquette du monument Mangin
  Le comité demande une réduction de la taille des baïonnettes pour rendre le monument moins "agité"
• 1930, Partial breaking of monument to Gallieni in Paris
  On 30 May 1930, the plinth of the monument to Gallieni is found partially broken. The statue representing the French colony of Indochina was damaged in four different places, including its foot. The police officer found one toenail belonging to the statue, and broken pieces of glass, which he identified as a bottle of sparkling wine. Extract from the police report (in French): « A 9 heures de service au carrefour de la rue de l’université et de l’avenue du Maréchal Gallieni. J’ai constaté que la face du socle de la statue tournée vers la direction du Champ de Mars et représentant l’Indo-Chine était détériorée en quatres [sic] endroits différents. Je n’ai trouvé que l’ongle du gros orteil du pied droit que je joins au rapport. Au pied de la statue j’ai remarqué également des éclats de verre semblant provenir d’une bouteille dit vin mousseux, ou de champagne. » After this report, the city's office contacted Jean Boucher the artist, to ask him to evaluate the damage and advise on the best way to repair the broken pieces. (source DACVP-COARC, Archives, Gallieni 2)
• 1931 Plan de l'Exposition coloniale internationale
• 1931, International Colonila Exhibition, Vincennes
  From May to November 1931, the Vincennes International Colonial Exhibition welcomed 8 million visitors, half of them Parisians. Located in the undeveloped area of the old fortifications, the Porte Dorée district was created as an extension of the Exhibition, around the Palais des colonies, now the Palais de la Porte Dorée, which became the Musée de la France d'outre-mer in 1935.
• 1932, Inauguration du monument Mangin
  1932, Inauguration of Mangin Monument
• 1932, Interpellation of a passer-by who touched the Mangin monument
• 1932, Military funeral of André Maginot in front of the monument to Gallieni in Paris
  After the monument to Gallieni was installed on the Invalides esplanade, funeral processions of soldiers buried at the Invalides, such as Marshal Foch in 1929 and Marshal Lyautey in 1934, or Secretaries of War like Maginot in 1932, passed in front of the statue.
• 1932, Protest attack on the statue of John Lawrence in Lahore
  Four Sikh men - Hazar Singh, Chanan Singh, Ojagar Singh and Bindar Singh - damaged the statue of John Lawrence with hammers in an act of anticolonial protest. The men were later arrested and imprisoned.
• 1933, Commemoration of the eighth anniversary of the death of General Mangin
  Parade of Rhineland veterans in front of the monument to General Mangin
• 1934, Comité pour l'érection d'un monument à Jean-Baptiste Marchand
  Comité d'honneur : le Président de la République et tous les Maréchaux. Comité exécutif : 97 membres dont plus de la moitié d'officiers. Section lyonnaise qui fait le lien avec le village natal de Marchand : Thoissey dans l'Ain. Jules Emily (médecin de la mission), Raymonde Marchand (veuve du général Marchand) et Auguste Marchand (frère du général et ancien administrateur des colonies) sont les membres les plus actifs.
• 1934, Inauguration of the statue of François de Mahy.
  The monument was inaugurated in the presence of Julien Lacaze, President of the French League for the Defense of the Vital Interests of France and its Colonies, and former Minister of the Navy and Colonies from 1915 to 1917.
• 1934, Inscription in red paint
  "Down with imperialist war"
• 1935, Comité national d'hommage au Maréchal Lyautey
  Premier projet de statue de Lyautey à Paris.
• 1935, Creation of French Overseas Museum
  1933: reopening of the historical section presented at the International Colonial Exhibition 1935: the museum is renamed Musée de la France d'outre-mer (Museum of French Overseas Territories) 1960: the museum changes its name and mission to become the Musée des arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie. 2003: End of the Museum, its collections are transfered to the new Musée du quai Branly
• 1935, Inauguration de la statue de Belain d'Esnambuc
  Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc est une des "grandes figures héroïques" célébrées par le Tricentenaire. Son inauguration se fait en présence des délégations officielles amenées de métropole par la Croisière du Tricentenaire sur le paquebot Colombie.
• 1935, Installation of the statue of Rufus Isaacs in Delhi, India
• 1936-1938, Félix Eboué, gouverneur de la Guadeloupe
  De 1936 à 1938, Félix Eboué est nommé Gouverneur de la Guadeloupe. Il est le premier gouverneur non-blanc et il est chargé d'appliquer la politique réformiste du gouvernement du Front populaire. En pratique, il s'efforce de faire appliquer les lois sociales en Guadeloupe contre le patronat qui a toujours réussi jusque-là à obtenir qu'elles ne le soient pas. Il est accueilli avec enthousiasme par la population, mais se heurte vite aux élus de tous bords. Il prononce plusieurs discours marquants : fin 1936, devant les ouvriers en grève de La Boucan et en juillet 1937 au lycée de Pointe-à-Pitre où il incite les lycéens à "jouer le jeu" pour se libérer des préjugés racistes auxquels ils se heurtent.
• 1937, Appel à souscription pour le monument à la mission Marchand
• 1937, Relocation of the monument to Gallieni in Paris
  The monument to Gallieni is moved to place Vauban due to a theme park and pavillions installed on the Esplanade des Invalides for the 1937 International Exposition.
• 1938, Inauguration de la statue équestre du Maréchal Lyautey à Casablanca
• 1938, Transfert du monument "à la gloire de l'expansion coloniale", Paris
  Installé par défaut en face du Palais des colonies en mai 1931 , le monument "à la gloire de l'expansion coloniale" est transféré en 1938 à Vincennes, près du château. IL est à nouveau déplacé en 1958 et retourne à son premier emplacement dans le Jardin d'agronomie tropicale (ex-coloniale).
• 1940, Destruction of the Mangin monument by the Germans
  The monument was dismantled by two German trucks. The sculpture was cut out with a blowtorch, and the pieces were taken away. The next day, the base was dynamited and the ground levelled. The bronze head was stolen and saved. The destruction was presented as revenge against the "Black Shame".