Cast in Stone

How to cite this page Comment citer cette page

Items

• Acland, Thomas Dyke, 10th Baronet
  British politician and baronet. Acland was a supporter of the anti-slavery movement in Britain and was friends with William Wilberforce (1759-1833) and Hannah More (1745-1833). He also had links to Samuel Ajayi Crowther (c. 1809-91), who was the the first African Anglican bishop of West Africa. Acland's third son, Charles Richard Dyke Acland (1793-1828), was captain of HMS Helicon between 1825 and 1828, which made visits to the East African coastline. The Acland family's broad connections to global and imperial histories are the subject of ongoing research by the National Trust and partners.
• Acland, Thomas Dyke, 12th Baronet
  British politician and landowner in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His grandfather, Thomas Dyke Acland 10th Baronet (1787-1871) was a supporter of the anti-slavery movement in Britain and was friends with William Wilberforce (1759-1833) and Hannah More (1745-1833). The Acland family's broad connections to global and imperial histories are the subject of ongoing research by the National Trust and partners.
• Adams-Acton, John
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of William Ewart Gladstone in Blackburn and two statues of Queen Victoria in Nassau, Bahamas and Kingston, Jamaica. Adams Acton also briefly lived in India for eight months in 1876, setting up a studio in Bombay (Mumbai), and carried out a number of commissions for the colony.
• Adams, George Gammon
  English sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include two statues of Charles James Napier, one of which is in Trafalgar Square and the other in St. Paul's Cathedral, as well as the monument to Captain Henry Langhorne Thompson, which is also at St Paul's Cathedral.
• Africanus, Scipio
  Scipio Africanus was an enslaved child who worked in the household of Charles William Howard, 7th Earl of Suffolk, in Henbury, Bristol in the early eighteenth century. He was named after the famous Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus.
• Ahmedullah, Muhammad
  Bangladeshi-British community heritage activist based in London.
• Albert
  Prince consort of the United Kingdom (1840-1861)
• Amery, Leo
  First Lord of the Admiralty (1922-1924), Secretary of State for the Colonies (1924-1929), and Secretary of State for India and Burma (1940-1945)
• Annand, David
  Scottish sculptor
• Anne
  Queen of Britain and Ireland from 1702 to 1714
• Armstead, Henry Hugh
  English sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include architectural sculpture for the Colonial Office in Whitehall (today the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office) and the statue of Thomas Waghorn in Chatham.
• Arrowsmith, James Williams
  English printer and publisher in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Arrowsmith was founder of the firm J.W. Arrowsmith Ltd. as well a President of the Anchor Society in Bristol in the 1890s.
• Ascroft, Robert
  British politician and lawyer of the nineteenth century. Ascroft was a Lancashire-based solicitor and member of the Conservative party; he served as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Oldham. In 1899, Winston Churchill considered joining him as the second Conservative candidate from Oldham; the plan was discarded because of Ascroft’s death. Ascroft acted as a legal advisor to the Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, which was founded in 1870. While Ascroft’s role in securing workers’ rights has been remembered positively in Britain, the British cotton textile industry itself had deep colonial associations. In the late nineteenth century, the British cotton textile industry was supplied with raw materials from India and Egypt. In 1895, for instance, Ascroft actively opposed Indian import duties in Parliament, which could have offered some tariff protection to the new Indian industries. This became politically controversial in India as politicians, such as Dadabhai Naoroji and R. C. Dutt, complained of the ‘deindustrialisation’ of the country and its use as a source of cheap raw materials as well as a captive market for mass-produced goods. From the 1920s, M.K. Gandhi led campaigns of boycotting Lancashire-produced goods and a promotion of Swadeshi or Indian-made goods for Indian consumers.
• Ashton, Thomas, 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde
  British industrialist, philanthropist, and politician. Born into a wealthy family of cotton manufacturers in Manchester, Ashton was a Liberal MP for Hyde from 1885 to 1886 and for Luton from 1895 to 1911. Ashton supported the Buller statue campaign in its early stages by providing a cheque of £250 or 5,000 shillings (about £20,000 in 2024) to the shilling fund in November 1901. This was the largest single donation towards the Buller statue and made up roughly a fifth of the total memorial fund, which came to over 26,000 shillings (about £100,000 in 2024).
• Aske, Robert
  English philanthropist, merchant, haberdasher, and investor in the slave-trading Royal African Company in the seventeenth century.
• Astor, Nancy
  First woman seated as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Plymouth Sutton from 1919 to 1945. Astor was the daughter of American railroad industrialist Chiswell Langhorne (1843-1919), whose family owned enslaved people and plantations in Lynchburg, Virginia prior to the American Civil War. Langhorne briefly fought in the Confederate Army and later worked in tobacco auctioneering during the war. Astor's mother Nancy Witcher Keene (1848-1903) also came from a slave-owning family. Born in 1879, fourteen years after the end of the war and the abolition of slavery, Nancy spent her teenage years in an environment firmly shaped by the legacies of American slavery at the “Mirador” family home in Virginia in the 1890s. The Langhornes were one of many white American families whose domestic life rested upon the bedrock of white supremacy. According to her biographer Christopher Sykes, all of the Langhorne’s servants at Mirador were black and many had been formerly enslaved. While Nancy romantically reminisced about these black servants being “part of the family”, there were clear racial and class tensions within this family environment, with Sykes noting a number of conflicts between her father Chiswell and the family’s domestic workforce. A controversial figure both during her life and in historical memory, Astor has also attracted critical scrutiny for her antisemitism and alleged sympathies with Nazi Germany.
• Attlee, Clement
  Major British statesman and Labour Party politician in the twentieth century. In 1927, Attlee was one of the members of the Simon Commission sent to India to examine the possibilities of self-rule in Britain's largest colony. During the Second World War, Attlee was Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1942 to 1945, as well as briefly serving as the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs from 1942 to 1943. As Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951, Attlee oversaw Britain's postwar transition and the beginning of decolonisation. Major events included the arrival of the Windrush generation who migrated from the Caribbean to Britain (1945-1960), the Partition of India (1947), the independence of Myanmar and Sri Lanka (1948), Britain's withdrawal from Palestine (1948), and the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960).
• Aumonier, William
  English sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Bacon, Charles
  English sculptor in the nineteenth century.
• Bacon, John, the Elder
  English sculptor in the eighteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of Admiral George Rodney in Spanish Town, Jamaica, and Charles Cornwallis on the Gurkha Staircase in the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office in London. Bacon also produced a number of memorials in Jamaica for individuals linked to slavery, such as the monument to Francis Rigby Brodbelt in St Catherine’s Parish Church, the monument to Malcom and Eleanor Laing in Kingston Parish Church, and the monument to Rosa Palmer in St James’s Parish Church.
• Bacon, John, the Younger
  English sculptor in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the statues of Charles Cornwallis and Richard Wellesley in Kolkata and Mumbai. Bacon also produced a number of memorials in the British Caribbean for individuals linked to slavery, such as the monument to Ralph Payne, 1st Baron Lavington in Antigua, the monument to Frances Inglis in Kingston Parish Church, Jamaica, and the monument to Duncan Anderson in St James’s Parish Church, Jamaica.
• Baden-Powell, Robert
  British Army officer and founder of the worldwide Scout Movement. Baden-Powell fought in a number of colonial conflicts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the Anglo-Ashanti wars, the Second Matabele War, and the Second Boer War. During the Matabele War, Baden-Powell came under legal scrutiny when he was accused of illegally approving the execution of Uwini, the Matabele chief, who was being held as a prisoner-of-war by the British. Baden-Powell's conduct in the Second Boer War has also attracted controversy over his role in the deaths of Africans during the Siege of Mafeking, many of whom were denied rations. Baden-Powell's military experience from these colonial wars later inspired his work Scouting for Boys (1908), which lay the foundation stone for the worldwide Scout Movement. The movement played an important part in the imperial education of young boys and girls in twentieth-century Britain, and was shaped by contemporary debates around the role of race, gender, class, militarism, nationhood, and empire in constructing British citizenship.
• Baillie, Siobhan
  Member of Parliament for Stroud (2019-)
• Baily, Edward Hodges
  British sculptor active in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of Richard Bourke in Sydney, Australia, the statue of David Hare in Kolkata, and the statue of Charles Metcalfe in Kingston, Jamaica. Baily also executed a number of monuments to figures with connections to transatlantic slavery, including a monument to Thomas Picton in Carmarthen (now dismantled), a monument to Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland in Westminster Abbey, and a statue of Nicholas Conyngham Tindal in Chelmsford.
• Baker, Bryant
  British-born American sculptor active in the twentieth century.
• Bates, Harry
  English sculptor in the nineteenth century. His most notable colonial work was his bronze equestrian statue of Frederick Roberts. The statue of Roberts, which bankrupted Bates, was first installed in Kolkata, and copies were subsequently made posthumously by Henry Poole for London and Glasgow.
• Bayes, Gilbert
  English sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Beckford, William
  British-Jamaican slave-owner and politician in the eighteenth century. Born into a wealthy colonial family in Jamaica, Beckford owned a huge number of enslaved people as well as considerable amount of land in the colony. In Beckford's estate probate in 1774, for example, he was listed as the owner of a total of 1,356 enslaved people in Jamaica. Beckford's colonial wealth enabled him to become Lord Mayor of London in 1762 and 1769.
• Behnes, William
  British sculptor active in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include a memorial to William Praed in Tyringham Church in Buckinghamshire, a memorial to Joseph Marryat in St George's Church, Grenada, and the statues of Henry Havelock in London and Sunderland.
• Bell Birch, Charles
  English sculptor in the nineteenth century.
• Bell, John
  British sculptor in the nineteenth century. Bell produced a number of sculptures representing enslaved women during his career, including A Daughter of Eve - A Scene on the Shore of the Atlantic (1853), The Octoroon (1868), and Manacled Slave / On the Sea Shore (1877). Although Bell presented his abolitionist sympathies in these sculptures, his works have also been critiqued for commodifying the Black female body through allusions to the notion of illicit sexuality.
• Belt, Richard Claude
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Benson, George Elliott
  British colonial soldier who fought in Africa in the late nineteenth century. He died in October 1901 during the Second Boer War.
• Bentinck, George
  British politician in the nineteenth century. The Bentinck family had a number of ties to the British Empire. George Bentinck's uncle, Lord William Bentinck (1774–1839), served as Governor of Madras, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, and Governor-General in India during the first half of the nineteenth century. Lord William Bentinck also made an unsuccessful claim for slavery compensation as a trustee. George Bentinck's great-great-grandfather, Henry Bentinck, 1st Duke of Portland (1682-1726) had been a slave-owner and colonial administrator in Jamaica, where he served as Governor-General from 1721 to 1726.
• Biggs, John
  Hosier and political reformer in the nineteenth century. The firm John Biggs and Sons was one of the largest hosiery firms in early nineteenth century Leicester, and exported goods to North America and Australia.
• Bird, Francis
  English sculptor in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
• Blake, Robert
  Naval officer and military commander of the Commonwealth of England in the seventeenth century.
• Boehm, Joseph Edgar
  Austrian-born British sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of King Edward VII in Mumbai, two statues of Robert Napier, one of which is in London and the other in Barrackpore, and two statues of John Lawrence, one of which is in London and the other in Derry-Londonderry (having been repatriated from Lahore).
• Boer War soldier
• Booth, Catherine
  Co-founder of The Salvation Army
• Booth, William
  Co-founder of The Salvation Army
• Boulton, Richard Lockwood
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Boulton founded the firm Messrs R. L. Boulton & Sons, which carried out a number of sculptural works both locally in Cheltenham and overseas. Boulton works include the Boer War Memorial in Cheltenham, the Cheltenham College Chapel reredos (also a memorial to the Boer War, accompanied by several carved colonial figures), and sculptures for Royal Alfred Sailors' Home (now Maharashtra Police Headquarters) in Mumbai.
• Bourke, Richard, 6th Earl of Mayo
  Chief Secretary for Ireland (1852, 1858–9, 1866–8) and 4th Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1869-1872)
• Bowes-Lyon, Elizabeth, The Queen Mother
  Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth (1936-1952) and Empress consort of India (1936-1947)
• Braverman, Suella
  Attorney General for England and Wales (February 2020-March 2021; September 2021-September 2022)
• Bridgeman, Robert
  British sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Bright, John
  British Radical and Liberal statesman in the nineteenth century.
• Brock, Thomas
  English sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of his notable colonial works include the statue of Victoria in the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata, the statue of Henry Bartle Frere in London, and the statue of John Nicholson, which was first installed in Dehli but was later repatriated and re-erected in Dungannon, Northern Ireland.
• Brockway, Fenner
  British socialist politician, humanist and campaigner for a wide number of causes, including pacifism, nuclear disarmament, anti-imperialism, and racial justice. After the Second World War, Brockway established the Congress of Peoples Against Imperialism and was a member of the Movement for Colonial Freedom in the United Kingdom. Brockway was a leading figure in protesting the British government's conduct during the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya (1952-1960).
• Brodrick, St John, 1st Earl of Midleton
  British Secretary of State for War (1900-1903) and Secretary of State for India (1903-1905).